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Applications
Sources, such as box sources, are resistively heated within vacuum and include baffles to redirect vapor into an indirect path. This filters out sub-atomic particulates that may be caught in the vapor stream during thermal evaporation processes.
Material Compatibility
Baffled sources are typically made out of tantalum and can come in a wide range of capacities, either for small-scale applications or large production runs. Common materials deposited include zinc sulfide (ZnS) and silicon monoxide (SiO).
The Evaporator
1. Long-standing limitation in thin-film solar cells resolved with nanometric germanium oxide layer
2. Technical Tip – How to Deposit Germanium
3. Perovskite solar cells achieve full-color tunability via AI-guided inverse design
(Image: Small21 no. 51, 2025)
| Chonnam National University |
A research team led by Professor Jaeyeong Heo and Dr. Rahul Kumar Yadav from Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea, has made a substantial breakthrough in thin-film solar cell design. Their study, published online in Small on September 19, 2025, describes an innovative approach which centers on inserting an ultra-thin layer of germanium oxide (GeOx) between the molybdenum back contact and the SnS absorber layer.
The researchers employed a precise yet simple method to create this 7-nanometer thick GeOx interlayer. They exploited the natural oxidation behavior of a thin Ge film in a vapor transport deposition process, which is scalable and industry-friendly.
How to Deposit GermaniumGermanium is a grayish-white metalloid that is used in solar panels and fabrication of other electronic devices due to its properties as a semiconductor material. Elemental germanium exhibits a high refractive index as well, relevant for applications such as fiber optics.
Germanium thin films are often deposited via thermal evaporation using boat sources, with purities including 99.999% (5N) germanium. Tungsten is recommended for the boat source material. Boat geometries such as dimple boats can be used for the deposition process.
Oxide films of germanium can be formed from these germanium evaporated thin films via an additional step of thermal oxidation in a controlled environment.
(Image: Opto-Electronic Advances)
| Kyung Hee University |
Researchers from Kyung Hee University and Hyundai Motor Group have developed an AI-based inverse design strategy that enables full-color, high-efficiency semitransparent perovskite solar cells for applications such as solar windows and vehicle glazing.
The work introduces a modelling-guided framework that integrates all-dielectric multilayer coatings – composed of alternating zinc sulfide (ZnS) and magnesium fluoride (MgF₂) – into perovskite photovoltaics, allowing user-defined transmitted colors with minimal optical loss.
Pittsburgh, PA | Nov 8-13, 2026
David L. Lawrence Convention Center
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The right evaporation source can make your thin film coating process a success. Since 1963, we have been fabricating and recommending evaporation sources for our customers in various cutting-edge industries.
